摘要:從眾乃人類社會(huì)必不可少。從眾可以有益于個(gè)人、也可有益于社會(huì)。集體層面,它是盧梭社會(huì)契約論的基礎(chǔ)、現(xiàn)代民主的基石;個(gè)體層面,它可用于社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)與親和。 但從眾也有負(fù)面影響,從壓制獨(dú)立性、原創(chuàng)性,到群體歇斯底里、暴力、獨(dú)裁,甚至不顧真理、公平和正義的群集行為。進(jìn)化上,動(dòng)物就能夠從眾;發(fā)育中,嬰兒就出現(xiàn)從眾。此前,從眾行為在不同人顯現(xiàn)出個(gè)體差異被認(rèn)為是社會(huì)和文化等環(huán)境因素,而無(wú)遺傳參與。我們用多層次的基因組分析了數(shù)千人后,證明遺傳影響從眾行為,發(fā)現(xiàn)影響從眾行為的特定遺傳基因,結(jié)合腦的核磁成像發(fā)現(xiàn)基因與腦區(qū)的相關(guān)性。
從眾乃人類社會(huì)必不可少(1-5)。從眾可有益于個(gè)人(通過(guò)模仿多數(shù)人的學(xué)習(xí)或得到多數(shù)人的幫助)、也可有益于社會(huì)(通過(guò)社會(huì)凝聚和穩(wěn)定)。集體層面,它是盧梭社會(huì)契約論的基礎(chǔ)、現(xiàn)代民主的基石(6)。個(gè)體層面,它可用于頻率依賴的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)(7)。但是,從眾也有負(fù)面影響,從壓制獨(dú)立性、原創(chuàng)性,群體歇斯底里、暴力、獨(dú)裁,到不顧真理、公平和正義的群集行為(8,9)。人類個(gè)體在大多數(shù)已知錯(cuò)誤的情況下也可能從眾(10)。從眾可以是信息從眾(使用多數(shù)人的信息增加個(gè)體感知或行動(dòng)的準(zhǔn)確性),也可以是規(guī)范從眾(與多數(shù)人親近而增加合作或信任)。從眾影響表達(dá)和感知:從眾的愿望可以改變個(gè)人的感知(11)。從眾可以改變已有的、強(qiáng)烈的、準(zhǔn)確的記憶(12)。進(jìn)化上,動(dòng)物如鳥(13)、大鼠(14)、靈長(zhǎng)類(15,16)就有從眾行為;發(fā)育中,幼兒(17)甚至7個(gè)月的嬰兒(18)就會(huì)從眾。
從眾行為在不同人有個(gè)體差異。例如,美國(guó)心理學(xué)家Asch于五十年代設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)典線段長(zhǎng)度判斷(3),當(dāng)被要求選擇與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)線同樣長(zhǎng)度的線到底是多長(zhǎng)時(shí),被試者第一次通常能夠較為準(zhǔn)確地回答它們一樣長(zhǎng),而在被告知多數(shù)人認(rèn)為一根線短于另外一個(gè)線之后,大部分被試改變自己的回答而符合所謂“多數(shù)人”的回答,即使很明顯后者是錯(cuò)的,少數(shù)被試則堅(jiān)持自己的回答。從眾的差別被認(rèn)為是社會(huì)和文化等環(huán)境因素。Asch類似線判斷(8)和社會(huì)偏好的研究都發(fā)現(xiàn)集體主義社會(huì)的居民較個(gè)體主義社會(huì)的居民更容易從眾(20,21)。從眾的個(gè)體差異也受早期家庭經(jīng)歷(22)、社會(huì)權(quán)力(23)、和主要人格特征的影響(25)。
功能性核磁共振成像(fMRI)提示參與社會(huì)從眾的腦區(qū)(11,26-29),特別是后中部前皮層(pMFC),尾核,腹側(cè)紋狀體。跨顱磁刺激支持pMFC的參與,因?yàn)樗矔r(shí)下調(diào)pMFC可以減少?gòu)谋娦袨椤?/span>
從眾的普遍性提示從眾有遺傳因素,類似其他行為如幫助(31)或攻擊(32)。但是,僅有一篇文章分析了從眾的遺傳性,其結(jié)論是從眾沒有任何遺傳影響(33)。
在此,饒毅實(shí)驗(yàn)室用了兩個(gè)行為方法檢測(cè)從眾,首次進(jìn)行了對(duì)從眾的多層次的基因組分析,包括:1)用1140雙生子分析遺傳性;2)用2130人估計(jì)全基因組范圍的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)總共可以解釋的遺傳影響;3)用近2600人進(jìn)行單基因位點(diǎn)的基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析(GWAS);4)基因水平的全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析;5)通路水平的關(guān)聯(lián)分析;6)64人的核磁共振成像,發(fā)現(xiàn)從眾特異性大腦活動(dòng)在不同基因型之間的差異。
這些研究證明遺傳影響從眾行為,發(fā)現(xiàn)與從眾相關(guān)的特定基因(如:NAV3、PTPRD、ARL10、CTNND2)。
文章的第一作者為北大清華生命科學(xué)聯(lián)合中心的研究生陳碧清和朱子建,研究由北京大學(xué)與重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)、廣州眼科醫(yī)院等合作,通訊作者為饒毅,共含2個(gè)圖、4個(gè)表格,另有3個(gè)附圖、25個(gè)附表。文章于2018年2月26日在線發(fā)表于《人類遺傳學(xué)雜志》。
原文鏈接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-018-0418-y。
PDF可見于饒毅實(shí)驗(yàn)室網(wǎng)頁(yè):http://www.raolab.org/upfile/file/20180228083255_951137_65047.pdf
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